Argument Maps are visual models of the structure of arguments on which statements are built.
Rhetorics is the art and science of arguments to illustrate, reject or make acceptable linguistic statements.
Key classic writers on rhetotics: Aristotle, Quintilian, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Arthur Schopenhauer.
Linguistics has provided us in modern times with theories, techniques and tools to analyse and build argumentation, and visualize argumentative structures.
Tools
Argumentation link 
Argunet editor
Controvis (for mapping controversies)
Figma link
Mindomo link
Rationale link
References
University of Sasketchewan critical thinking
Wissensdenken.com link (in German)
Links